Job

Job 38:1

Ver. 1. Then. Sept. "After Eliu had ceased to speak." H. --- Lord. That is, an angel speaking in the name of the Lord. Ch. --- The name Jehova (H.) here occurs, though it never does in the speeches; whence many have inferred that the Lord spoke in person; which argument, however, is not conclusive; and that this work was written after the apparition in the burning bush. C. --- The Heb. edition would at least be given after that event. --- Whirlwind, designed to strike the senses, (H.) and to represent the distressed condition of Job.

Pineda. --- This awful appearance imposed silence upon all. H. --- Some think that a time was allowed for reflection and repentance, before God passed sentence; but the Sept. &c. seem to suppose that the cause was decided as soon as Eliu had ended his discourse. C. --- God discusses the controversy, and gives sentence in favour of Job. W.

Job 38:2

Ver. 2. Words. Many explain this as a condemnation (C.) of the last speaker, (D.) who would otherwise pass without any reproach, (H.) though he had spoken with less reserve than the rest.

C. --- Pineda allows that this opinion is very plausible; but he thinks that Job himself is reprehended, not for any grievous offence, but for indiscreet expressions. C. xli. The context also seem to require this, as Job take it to himself. C. xxxix. 33. C. --- The change of persons might rather imply the contrary: Who is this? Eliu. 3. Gird up thy loins. Job. H. --- Can we admit that the devil got the victory; or, that God falsely declared that Job had spoken right? C.

xlii. Houbigant. --- Did not the latter maintain the truth with greatest zeal, while his friends certainly mixed unskilful words or inferences with sentences of the greatest consequence? His face I will accept, that your folly be not imputed to you; for you have not spoken right things before me, as my servant Job hath.

C. xlii. 8. Heb. "Who is this that darkeneth counsel, by words without knowledge?" Prot. "Who is the who concealeth counsel from me, keeping words in his heart, and thinketh to hide from me?" Sept. Eliu pretended to explain the counsels of God, and perhaps did not utter all that he had in his mind; but God condemns the very harbouring of thoughts, which are contrary to truth and justice. H. --- Job's friends laboured under great prejudices, and condemned him without cause, (C.) thinking that they were doing a service to God, like those who put the apostles to death, and persecuted Catholics on account of their religion. But this plea will not excuse them. Here one line suffices to refute the long harangue (H.) of Eliu; (S. Greg. Ven. Bede. T. &c.) though we have observed, (H.) some understand the words to be addressed to Job, as a rebuke for his too warm expressions. S. Chrys. S. Aug. &c.

C. --- The remainder of the discourse is designed for Job's instruction. H. ---

Hoc (Eliu) despecto ad erudiendum Job verba vertuntur. S. Greg.

Job 38:3

Ver. 3. Loins, like one about to engage in an arduous task, (H.) or journey, (C.) to explore the ways of divine Providence. H. --- Answer my reasons, if thou art able. C. --- Heb. "make me know." H. --- Only the Creator hath perfect knowledge of all his works, as may appear by induction or example: 1. of inanimate; 2. of living things, v. 39. W.

Job 38:4

Ver. 4. Foundations. The Hebrews placed the earth in the centre of the universe, resting upon nothing, (C. xxvi. 7. and xxxvi. 30.) or upon itself. See Hesiod, Theog. 325. C. --- These questions seem intended to shew, that if God has created all things for man, he will not surely neglect to watch over him. M.

Job 38:5

Ver. 5. Upon it. He speaks of the world as of a vast house, (C.) or palace, (M.) in which the Architect has shewn his art. H.

Job 38:7

Ver. 7. Sons. Sept. "all my angels." Hence it appears that the angels were among the first of God's works, formed probably at the same time with the heavens, (C.) or light. Gen. i. 3. H. ---

The praise of the stars is figurative, (C.) as they tend to raise our hearts to God by their beauty, (H.) whereas that of the angels is real. C.

Job 38:8

Ver. 8. Shut. Heb. also, (H.) "facilitated the birth of the sea," as a midwife. Grot.

C. --- Forth.

Sept. "raged." H. --- God represents the waters ready to overwhelm all when first produced out of nothing, if he had not shut them up in the abyss, like a child in a cradle, or a wild beast in its den, v. 10. C.

Job 38:9

Ver. 9. Mist. So Moses says darkness was on the face of the abyss. Obscurity covered it, as swaddling bands do a child's body. C.

Job 38:10

Ver. 10. Set. Prot. "brake up for it my decreed place." Marg. "established my decree upon it;"

(H.) or, "I gave order to break it," against the shore. Jer. v. 22. Amos v. 8.

Job 38:12

Ver. 12. Place. Thou art but as yesterday: where is thy power? C.

Job 38:13

Ver. 13. And didst. Some explain Heb. "that it (Aurora) might spread at once to the extremities of the earth. Then the wicked flee before it;" as they hate the light. C. xxxiv. 26. Jo. iii. 20. C.

--- Sept. and Prot. may be understood in this sense. H. --- Allusion may also be made to the shaking of a sieve, to separate the wheat from the chaff; (Amos ix.

9. Luk. xxii. 31. C.) or of a carpet, to clean it from the dust. D. --- Did God ask thee to help him to exterminate the wicked?

The short digression in these three verses, shews the punishment exercised on offenders. It is not contrary to the true spirit of poetry. M.

Job 38:14

Ver. 14. Seal. Men, formed to the image of God, shall die; and others shall be place in their stead, (M.) with as much ease as an impression is made upon clay. H. --- Garment. The body seems to be the clothing of the soul, and will be changed. Ps. ci. 27. M. --- Chal. "their form will be changed to clay, and they shall resemble a tattered garment." Heb. "their seal shall be changed like clay,"

&c. All their glory shall perish. C. --- Sept. "hast thou taken earth or clay, and formed a living creature, and endued it with speech on the earth?" Is man the workd of thy hands? H.

Job 38:17

Ver. 17. Doors? Sept. "through fear; or have the porters of hell flown away at thy sight?" H.

Job 38:19

Ver. 19. Darkness. The poetical style of this book represents these things as real beings, in the same manner (C.) as the house, (v. 20) or palace of the sun,

&c. are described by the ancients. H.

Job 38:23

Ver. 23. War. Hail, &c. are like the arrows of God. Jer. x. 13. and l. 25. C.

Job 38:24

Ver. 24. Heat. Heb. kadim, (H.) the "east." Sept. "south wind." Perhaps the east winds produced the same bad effects in Egypt, as the south wind did in Judea; (C.) or this noxious burning wind might proceed from the south-eastern point of both countries. H.

Job 38:25

Ver. 25. Noisy. Heb. "for lightning, which accompanies thunder?" By these questions, respecting things which to man are impossible, and many inexplicable, God humbles (C.) the pride of the human heart. H.

Job 38:26

Ver. 26. Dwelleth. This shews the magnificence of God, (M.) at least. H.

Job 38:31

Ver. 31. Pleiades. The seven stars. --- Arcturus. A bright star in the north. Ch. ---

The same terms occur, and are explained, C. ix. 9. H.

Job 38:32

Ver. 32. Day-star. Heb. mazzaroth, (H.) corresponds with the "inner parts of the south;" (C. ix.

9) though some translate, "the signs of the zodiac, or the influences," &c. The antarctic constellations could not be seen in Idumea, while those of the north pole (C.) must appear to those who live on that side of the line, (H.) as the perpetual sentinels of the sky. --- Evening-star.

Heb. "Wilt thou make hayish and her daughters go to rest?" These indicate the arctic stars. Here two quite opposite stars are meant; (C.) though (H.) with us the evening and morning star be the same, being so styled according as it appears after or before the sun. M. --- Prot. "Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth (Sept. also retain the original term, Mazouroth) in his season, or canst thou guide Arcturus, with his sons?" The former term signifies things "scattered,"

the planets, (H.) or

"the grains of gross air dispersed" to all the extremities, which returning to the centre, occasion cold. C. xxxvii. 9. Parkhurst.

Job 38:33

Ver. 33. Reason. Heb. "dominion," (H.) or influence upon the earth.

Mathematicians thought they had discovered these laws, and the number of the stars; but daily experience evinces their error. M.

Job 38:34

Ver. 34. Voice, to mimic the thunder of God, (C.) or to order it to rain. H.

Job 38:36

Ver. 36. Understanding. That is, to distinguish the hours of the night. Ch. ---

Sept. "Who gave to women the knowledge of the loom, and the art of embroidering?" H. --- It was the part of women to weave, as appears from the conduct of queen Penelope. But the best interpreters translate, "Who has placed wisdom in the reins, or who hath given understanding to the heart," or soul? C. --- God gives wisdom to man, and an instinct to cocks, (H.) or the skill, of which the former is deprived, (W.) to know the approach of day. D.

Job 38:37

Ver. 37. Sleep. The ancients have celebrated this harmony. Cic. Somn. Scip. ---

Sept. "Who numbereth the clouds in wisdom, or hath bent the sky down to the earth?" Prot. "or who can stay the bottles of heaven?" H. --- Canst thou cause it to rain, or to be fair? (C.) or make the celestial bodies (H.) rest from motion?

W.

Job 38:38

Ver. 38. Together. When was the water separated from the earth? H. --- Where wast thou when I gave consistency to the rocks? C.

Job 38:39

Ver. 39. And satisfy. Sept. "or fill the souls of the dragons?" H. --- Here Heb.

edit. commence the following chap. (C.) and are followed by Prot. (H.) and others, as the proof of God's superior knowledge begins to be established by the consideration of various animals. W.

Job 38:41

Ver. 41. Wandering. Sixtus V. reads vagientes, (C.) "crying like children." H. ---

The ravens presently drive their young away to seek for fresh habitations.

Pliny x. 12. Ps. cxlvi. 9. C. --- If God provide for such creatures, He will shew still greater attention to man. W.